By Dr. Jaisingh Rajput, MD – Physician and Specialist
Air pollution is a silent but deadly threat affecting millions of people worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 99% of the global population breathes air that exceeds safe pollution levels, leading to 7 million deaths annually due to pollution-related illnesses.
While we often associate air pollution with environmental issues, its impact on respiratory health is severe and far-reaching. Understanding how pollution affects the lungs and how to protect yourself can help prevent chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer and even premature death.
What Is Air Pollution?
Air pollution consists of harmful gases, chemicals, and fine particles suspended in the air. The most dangerous pollutants include:
• Particulate Matter (PM2.5 & PM10): Tiny particles from vehicle emissions, industrial waste, wildfires, and construction dust that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂): Emitted from vehicles, factories, and power plants, NO₂ causes inflammation in the lungs.
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂): Produced by burning fossil fuels like coal and oil, it can cause bronchial irritation and breathing difficulties.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO): A toxic gas from car exhaust and indoor fuel burning that reduces oxygen in the blood.
• Ozone (O₃): A major component of smog, ozone exposure triggers asthma attacks and lung inflammation.
How Air Pollution Affects the Respiratory System
Increased Risk of Chronic Respiratory Diseases
• Asthma: Airborne pollutants trigger inflammation and bronchospasms, worsening asthma symptoms.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Long-term exposure to air pollution causes permanent lung damage and breathing difficulties.
Lung Cancer: According to the American Lung Association, exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of lung cancer, even in non-smokers.
Increased Susceptibility to Respiratory Infections: Polluted air weakens lung defenses, making individuals more vulnerable to pneumonia, bronchitis, and COVID-19 complications.
Reduced Lung Function in Children and Elderly
• Children exposed to pollution suffer from stunted lung development, leading to lifelong respiratory issues.
• Older adults with pre-existing lung conditions face a higher risk of hospitalization and premature death.
Who Is Most at Risk?
• Children and infants (developing lungs are more vulnerable);
• Elderly individuals (weaker immune systems and reduced lung capacity);
• People with asthma, COPD, or heart disease; and
• Outdoor workers and traffic-exposed individuals.
Current Health Guidelines to Reduce Air Pollution Exposure
1. Monitor Air Quality Regularly: Check daily Air Quality Index (AQI) updates using apps like AirNow or WHO Air Quality Monitor. Avoid outdoor activities when AQI is above 100 (unhealthy), especially for sensitive groups.
2. Protect Yourself Outdoors: Wear an N95 mask in high-pollution areas. Walk or cycle on less congested routes to reduce exposure to vehicle emissions.
3. Improve Indoor Air Quality: Use air purifiers with HEPA filters to remove pollutants. Keep windows closed during high pollution days. Avoid indoor smoking and limit the use of wood-burning stoves.
4. Reduce Personal Contribution to Pollution: Use public transport or carpool to cut down emissions. Avoid burning trash or wood, which releases harmful particulates. Support clean energy sources like solar and wind power.
5. Seek Medical Help for Respiratory Symptoms: If you experience chronic cough, wheezing, breathlessness, or chest tightness, consult a physician immediately. For asthma patients: Follow your inhaler regimen and carry a rescue inhaler on high-pollution days.
Air pollution is a public health crisis that demands urgent action. While government policies on clean energy, vehicle emission control, and industrial regulations are crucial, individual precautions can also significantly reduce health risks.
By staying informed, protecting yourself, and advocating for cleaner air, you can safeguard your respiratory health and contribute to a healthier environment for future generations.
Dr. Jaisingh Rajput is a physician specializing in hospital medicine and public health. He is committed to raising awareness about environmental health issues and their impact on respiratory diseases.